阅读 A 节：做题顺序与整篇演练

本节导读

按常见资料的说法（以当年考试大纲为准），阅读理解 A 节有 4 篇文章，总长 1600~1700 词，每篇 5 道四选一，共 20 题，每题 2 分，共 40 分。平均下来一篇文章约 400 词。

大纲给阅读列了 8 项能力，第 11 到 18 节逐项讲。这一节先讲两样共通的东西：拿到一篇文章按什么顺序做，以及怎么从题干认出它考的是哪项能力。最后用一篇约 400 词的原创文章完整做一遍。

文章从哪里来

大纲说阅读材料的话题包括科技、经济、教育、社会、历史、文化等，类型包括新闻、评论、报告、论文、专著等。不同体裁，读法的重点不同：

体裁	特点	读的时候抓什么
新闻	开头交代事件，后面补背景和各方反应	事件本身、不同人的说法
评论	摆出一个话题，作者表明立场并论证	作者的观点、转折后的态度
报告	调查或数据，常有对比和结论	数据说明了什么、结论有没有限定
论文	提出问题、方法、发现、局限	研究发现与它的适用范围
专著	篇幅长的书的节选，常讲一个概念的来龙去脉	概念的定义、论证的层次

五步做一篇

1. 先看 5 个题干，不看选项。 圈出题干里的人名、数字、段落号和关键词，知道要在文章里找什么。
2. 读首段和每段首句，抓结构。 首段多半交代话题，常常还会摆出一个「流行的看法」等着后面推翻；各段首句告诉你每段讲什么。
3. 按题序回文定位。 题目顺序大体与文章顺序一致，第 1 题多在前一两段，最后一题多是全文题。
4. 比较选项，排除干扰。 正确选项多是原文的同义换说法；干扰项常见的毛病是无中生有、以偏概全、偷换主体、正反颠倒。
5. 全文题最后做。 主旨、标题、态度题放到最后，前面四题做完，对文章已经很熟了。

八类题型怎么认

大纲能力	题干的常见样子	课节
理解具体信息	According to Paragraph 2, … / Which of the following is true?	第 11 节
判断、推理和引申	It can be inferred that … / The author implies …	第 12 节
概括主旨要义	The text is mainly about … / The most suitable title …	第 13 节
理解作者的意图、观点和态度	The author's attitude toward … / The author mentions X to …	第 14 节

大纲能力	题干的常见样子	课节
推断单词和词组的含义	The word "…" most probably means … / "they" refers to …	第 15 节
理解结构和上下文逻辑	Paragraph 3 serves to … / The example of X is used to …	第 16 节
分析修辞手法、论证方法	The author makes his point mainly by … / The phrase is used ironically …	第 17 节
比较事实、观点、态度的异同	Unlike A, B believes … / A and B agree that …	第 18 节

时间：一篇 16 分钟左右

第 1 节给过一种参考分法：A 节约 65 分钟，平均每篇约 16 分钟。可以这样分：看题干 1 分钟、读首段和首句 3 分钟、做五道题 10 分钟、涂卡前复核 2 分钟。一篇超时了，下一篇先做细节题把时间追回来，别让最后一篇来不及看。

易错提醒

• ❌ 从头到尾逐字精读完再做题。✅ 先看题干带着问题读，读结构时不必每句都懂。

• ❌ 只看选项和原文有没有相同的词。✅ 比意思：照抄原词的选项常是干扰项，换了说法的常是正确项。

• ❌ 一上来先做主旨题。✅ 全文题放最后，做完细节题再定主旨更稳。

• ❌ 把首段里「人们普遍认为」的说法当成作者的观点。✅ 评论和论文常先摆出一个看法再推翻，看 but、however 后面作者怎么说。

例题精讲

下面是一篇约 400 词的原创文章，按大纲 A 节的单篇篇幅编写。先按五步做 5 道题，再看解析。

When amateur birdwatchers first offered to help professional ornithologists count migrating birds, many scientists were polite but doubtful. Data collected by volunteers, they assumed, would be patchy, inconsistent and full of errors. Telling one small brown bird from another takes years of practice, and enthusiasm, however genuine, is no substitute for training. Few would have predicted that, a few decades later, some of the most widely cited studies of bird decline would rest largely on observations made by people with no scientific training at all.

The change owes much to technology. Smartphone apps now let a volunteer record a sighting in seconds, attach a photograph and log the exact time and place. Built-in guides with pictures and recorded songs help beginners tell similar species apart. Software flags unlikely reports, such as a tropical species in a northern winter, so that experienced reviewers can check them before they enter the database. As a result, the quality gap between amateur and professional data has narrowed considerably, at least for common and easily identified species.

Scale matters, too. A research team of ten people can survey a handful of sites; a network of fifty thousand volunteers can cover an entire continent, year after year. For questions about how populations shift over large areas and long periods, such breadth often matters more than the precision of any single observation. Small errors tend to cancel out when millions of records are combined. Some volunteer surveys have followed the same routes every spring for decades, producing the kind of unbroken record that short-term research grants rarely pay for.

Not everyone is convinced. Critics point out that volunteers tend to go where birds are plentiful and pleasant to watch, so remote or unattractive areas are underrecorded. A popular wetland near a city may be visited thousands of times a year, while a distant stretch of farmland goes almost unseen. Others worry that projects which rely on unpaid enthusiasm may collapse when that enthusiasm fades, leaving gaps in long-term records that no statistical method can fill.

These concerns are reasonable, but they argue for better design rather than abandonment. Some projects now assign volunteers to randomly chosen squares on the map, and pair newcomers with experienced observers. Citizen science will never replace professional research. What it can do, when it is organized with care, is extend the reach of science far beyond what any single laboratory or agency could afford on its own.

1. According to Paragraph 2, software improves data quality by ___. A. replacing experienced reviewers　B. flagging doubtful reports for checking　C. limiting volunteers to common species　D. paying volunteers for photographs

2. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that large volunteer networks are especially useful for ___. A. identifying rare species precisely　B. replacing statistical methods　C. training professional scientists　D. tracking changes over wide areas and long periods

3. The word "underrecorded" (Paragraph 4) most probably means ___. A. observed less often than they should be　B. described inaccurately　C. protected by law　D. visited by too many people

4. The author's attitude toward citizen science can be described as ___. A. dismissive　B. uncritical　C. cautiously supportive　D. indifferent

5. Which of the following would be the most suitable title for the text? A. Why Amateurs Cannot Replace Scientists　B. Counting on Volunteers: The Promise and Limits of Citizen Science　C. How Smartphone Apps Changed Birdwatching　D. The Decline of Migrating Birds

答案与解析。 第 1 题选 B：第二段说软件会标出不太可能的记录，让有经验的审核员先核查，B 是同义换说法；A 与「审核员核查」相反，C、D 原文没有。第 2 题选 D：第三段说对于大范围、长时期的种群变化，覆盖面往往比单次观察的精度更重要，D 是推断；A 与「精度不如覆盖面重要」相反。第 3 题选 A：前文说志愿者爱去鸟多、看着舒服的地方，所以偏远、不起眼的地方被记录得少，under- 是「不足」。第 4 题选 C：作者承认批评「合理」、也说它永远不会取代专业研究，但主张改进设计、肯定它能扩展科学的范围，是有保留的支持；B「不加批判」忽略了作者的保留。第 5 题选 B：全文先讲志愿者数据的进步与规模优势，再讲批评与改进，B 兼顾「前景」与「局限」；A 只取了最后一段的一句，C 只覆盖第二段，D 是文章提到的研究对象而不是主题。

本节小结

• A 节 4 篇共 1600~1700 词、20 题 40 分（常见资料的说法），每篇参考约 16 分钟。
• 话题有科技、经济、教育、社会、历史、文化等，体裁有新闻、评论、报告、论文、专著等，读法各有重点。
• 五步：先看题干、读首段和各段首句、按题序回文定位、比较排除、全文题最后做。
• 从题干认出八类能力，对应第 11 到 18 节。