B 节：选段填空（7 选 5）

本节导读

阅读理解 B 节按常见资料的说法（以当年考试大纲为准）有三种备选题型，每次考试只考其中一种：选段填空、段落排序、小标题或概括句匹配；文章 500~600 词，5 题，每题 2 分，共 10 分。第四章用三节分别讲，这一节讲第一种：选段填空。

选段填空的样子是（常见资料的说法）：一篇 500~600 词的文章里留出 5 个空，文后给 7 个句子或段落，选出 5 个填回去，多出 2 个。它考的是语篇知识里的「衔接和连贯」：空格前后的句子靠什么连起来。学完这一节，你应该能在每个空格前后找到线索，并能说出两个多余的选项为什么放不进去。

四类衔接线索

线索	样子	怎么用
指代	this、these、such、they、the + 前文提过的名词	选项里的指代词要在空格前找到所指；空格后的指代词要在选项里找到所指
词汇复现	同一个词、同义词、上下义词跨过空格出现	选项和空格前后谈的是同一样东西
逻辑连接	however、as a result、for example、in addition	选项开头的连接词，要与空格前一句的关系对得上
结构呼应	设问与回答、first 与 second、总述与分述	前面提了问题，空格就是回答；前面说「两个原因」，空格可能是其中之一

读选项时，先把每个选项开头的连接词和里面的指代词圈出来，它们是最硬的证据。

空格的位置决定看哪里

位置	选项要做的事	重点看
段首	概括本段，或者承接上一段	本段后面几句讲什么，上一段最后一句
段中	承上启下	前一句和后一句，两边都要连得上
段尾	总结本段，或者引出下一段	本段前文，下一段首句

段中的空最好判断，因为两边都有线索；段首和段尾的空，要多读一两句再定。

做题步骤

1. 通读全文，抓住每段大意；再读 7 个选项，圈出连接词、指代词和关键名词。
2. 从最有把握的空开始，看空格前后句，用线索锁定选项。
3. 填进去的选项要「两头都通」：和前一句连得上，和后一句也连得上。
4. 剩下的空用排除法；最后整篇回读。

两个多余的选项常有这样的特点：话题与文章有关，却与哪个空格的前后都接不上；或者意思与原文相反；或者里面的指代词在文中找不到所指。

易错提醒

• ❌ 选项和空格附近有同一个词就选。✅ 还要看逻辑和指代是否接得上，词汇复现只是线索之一。

• ❌ 只看空格前一句。✅ 段中的空要两头都通，前后两句都要对得上。

• ❌ 选项里的 this、such 随便放。✅ 指代词必须在空格前面找得到所指，否则这个选项放错了位置。

• ❌ 话题相关的选项一定有地方放。✅ 多余的两项往往话题相关、逻辑接不上，专门用来迷惑人。

例题精讲

下面是一篇原创文章，留空后约 520 词，5 个答案填回后约 590 词（按常见资料所说的 B 节篇幅 500~600 词编写），先自己做，再看解析。

Few inventions have shaped the modern economy as quietly as the shipping container. Before the 1950s, cargo was loaded onto ships piece by piece: sacks of coffee, crates of machinery and barrels of oil, each lifted by hand or by small cranes. Dockworkers often worked in gangs of twenty or more, and the order in which goods were stowed had to be planned carefully so that the ship stayed balanced. A large ship could spend a week in port being loaded and another week being unloaded, and theft and damage were common. (1) ___

The idea behind the container was simple: pack goods into standard steel boxes at the factory and move the boxes, not the goods, from truck to train to ship. In the mid-1950s, a converted oil tanker carried a few dozen such boxes along a coastal route, and the experiment attracted little attention at the time. (2) ___ Early containers came in many sizes, and a box that fitted one company's ships might not fit another company's cranes. Only after years of negotiation did the industry settle on a small number of standard dimensions that any crane, truck or ship could handle. Even the corner fittings, the metal blocks that let a crane lift a box and lock it onto a truck, had to be agreed in detail.