长难句（三）：非谓语、倒装与省略

本节导读

前两节讲了主干和从句。还有三类结构会让句子「看着眼熟、读着别扭」：非谓语短语把一个从句压缩成几个词；倒装把助动词提到主语前面；省略和替代把前面说过的内容藏起来。论文和评论类文章里，这三类结构用得多，翻译画线句时也常碰到。

学完这一节，你应该能说出一个分词短语的逻辑主语，把倒装句还原成正常语序，并找回 that、those、do so 替代的内容。

非谓语：被压缩的从句

非谓语动词不能单独作谓语，它在句子里充当定语、状语、主语或宾语。读的时候把它「还原」成一个从句，意思就清楚了。

形式	例句	还原
done 作定语	The data collected by the satellites suggest a warming trend.	the data that were collected by the satellites
doing 作定语	Researchers analyzing the ice found traces of ancient dust.	researchers who were analyzing the ice
done 作状语	Built in the twelfth century, the bridge still carries traffic.	Although it was built in the twelfth century
doing 作结果状语	The storm brought down power lines, leaving thousands without light.	and this left thousands without light
to do 作目的状语	To catch the early train, she left home before dawn.	in order that she could catch the early train

两条规律：doing 多表示主动、正在进行，done 多表示被动、已经完成；作状语的分词，逻辑主语一般就是主句的主语。

还有一种「独立主格」：分词有自己的主语，常见形式是「名词 + 分词」或「with + 名词 + 分词」，交代原因或伴随情况。The vote counted, the committee announced the result（票数统计完以后，委员会宣布了结果）。

倒装：把助动词放回去

类型	例句	正常语序
否定词开头	Rarely have such changes been observed.	Such changes have rarely been observed.
Not until 开头	Not until she read the letter did she understand his decision.	She did not understand his decision until she read the letter.
Only + 状语开头	Only by comparing the two maps can we see the change.	We can see the change only by comparing the two maps.
so / such … that	So quickly did the tickets sell out that many fans missed the show.	The tickets sold out so quickly that many fans missed the show.
虚拟省略 if	Had the warning come earlier, fewer homes would have been lost.	If the warning had come earlier, …
as 表让步	Young as the doctor is, her patients trust her completely.	Although the doctor is young, …

读倒装句的办法很简单：找到被提前的助动词（have、did、can、had），把它放回主语后面，句子就回到了熟悉的语序。

强调句：拿掉 it is … that 句子仍完整

It is / was … that … 有两种可能：强调句，或者 it 作形式主语。区分的办法是把 it is / was 和 that 拿掉：

• It was only after the third failure that the team changed its method. 拿掉 It was 和 that、把状语放回句末，The team changed its method only after the third failure 完整，是强调句，强调的是时间「第三次失败之后」。
• It is surprising that the old shop is still open. 拿掉后 surprising the old shop is still open 不成句，是形式主语。

省略和替代：找回被藏起来的词

形式	例句	找回
that / those 替代名词	The population of the new district is larger than that of the old town.	that = the population
one / ones 替代可数名词	The old reactors were shut down and new ones built.	ones 指 reactors；built 前省略 were
do / do so 替代动词短语	Some critics welcomed the report; others did not.	did not = did not welcome the report
状语从句省略	Once printed, the tickets cannot be refunded.	once they are printed

比较句里的 that / those 很容易漏看：英文要求比较同类东西，「新区的人口」只能和「老城的人口」比，所以后面用 that of 补出「的人口」。翻译时要把它还原出来。

易错提醒

• ❌ 句首的分词短语修饰离它最近的名词。✅ 作状语的分词，逻辑主语一般是主句的主语。

• ❌ Not until 句的主语是 Not until 后面的名词。✅ Not until 引出的是时间，真正的主语在被提前的助动词后面。

• ❌ Had、Were、Should 开头的句子都是疑问句。✅ 句末是逗号接着另一个分句时，多半是省略了 if 的虚拟条件句。

• ❌ It is … that … 都是强调句。✅ 拿掉 it is 和 that 后句子完整才是强调句，否则多半是形式主语。

• ❌ 比较句里的 those of 可以不译。✅ those 替代前面的名词，要把它指的东西补出来，否则比较对象就错了。

例题精讲

例 1 选出与下面句子意思最接近的一项：

Not until the last samples had been tested did the team announce its findings.

• A. The team announced its findings before testing the last samples.
• B. The team announced its findings only after all the samples had been tested.
• C. The team did not test the last samples.
• D. The team tested the samples after announcing its findings.

答案：B。 把被提前的 did 放回去：The team did not announce its findings until the last samples had been tested，「直到最后一批样本测完，团队才宣布结果」，与 B 一致。A、D 把先后顺序弄反了；C 与「样本测完了」矛盾。

例 2 下面句子里 compared 的逻辑主语是哪一项？

Compared with the earlier design, the new engine uses far less fuel.

• A. the earlier design
• B. fuel
• C. the new engine
• D. the engineers

答案：C。 Compared with … 是作状语的过去分词短语，逻辑主语是主句的主语 the new engine：「与早先的设计相比，新发动机耗油少得多」。A 是被比较的对象；B 是宾语；D 句中没有出现。

本节小结

• 非谓语是被压缩的从句，还原成从句再读；doing 多主动，done 多被动，to do 常表目的。
• 作状语的分词，逻辑主语一般是主句主语；独立主格的分词有自己的主语。
• 倒装句找到被提前的助动词，放回主语后面；Had、Were、Should 开头接逗号多是虚拟省略 if。
• 拿掉 it is / was 和 that 句子仍完整的是强调句。
• that、those、ones、do so 替代前文，比较句里尤其要把被替代的名词找回来。