完形填空:四步做题与整篇演练
认识英语(一)完形填空的篇幅和分值,掌握「首句定调、跳空通读、逐空推敲、回读检查」四步,并用一篇约 280 词的原创短文完整演练 20 个空。
本节导读
完形填空是英语(一)的第一部分「英语知识运用」。按常见资料的说法(以当年考试大纲为准),它是一篇约 280 词的短文,留 20 个空,每空从 4 个选项里选 1 个,每题 0.5 分,共 10 分。
20 个空只占 10 分,每空分值在全卷题目里最低,却要读完整篇文章。所以这一部分的目标是「稳、快」:用固定的四步,在参考的 15 分钟左右做完,不在个别空上纠缠。学完这一节,你应该能按四步做完一整篇完形,并说出每个空的判断依据属于哪一类。
四步做完形
第一步:读首句,定主题。 完形的首句一般不挖空,它告诉你文章谈什么、态度偏向哪边。读完首句先在心里回答:这篇讲什么?
第二步:跳空通读,抓大意。 不看选项,把全文快速读一遍,遇到空格跳过。目的是知道文章分几层、每层说什么、哪里有转折。很多空要等读到后文才能定,先通读能少走回头路。
第三步:逐空推敲,先易后难。 每个空看三样东西:前后几个词(搭配和语法),所在的句子和前后句(逻辑关系),全文其他地方有没有同一个意思(复现)。有把握的先填,拿不准的标记一下,做完一遍再回来。
第四步:回读检查。 把答案代进去,从头到尾读一遍,看意思是否连贯、前后态度是否一致。
每个空的四类依据
| 依据 | 看什么 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 搭配与语法 | 空前后的几个词能不能组成固定搭配,词性和形式对不对 | take … for granted;rather than 连接两个名词 |
| 逻辑关系 | 空所在句子与前后句是转折、因果、递进还是举例 | 前句说服务被暂停,后句说需求更强,中间是让步转折 |
| 上下文复现 | 前后文有没有同义词、反义词或同一个意思的换说法 | 前面说「准确预测」,后面就可能出现 accuracy、reliable |
| 主题与常识 | 选项是否符合文章主题和基本常识 | 讲天气预报的文章,「靠电报汇总各地读数」合乎情理 |
做题时,试着给每个空贴一个标签:这是搭配题、逻辑题、复现题还是主题题。贴得出标签,就说明你是有依据地选,不是凭语感猜。
时间与心态
完形的参考用时 15 分钟左右:首句和通读约 3 分钟,逐空约 10 分钟,回读约 2 分钟。卡住的空先按「最符合主题」的选项涂上,别空着;整卷做完还有时间再回来。
还有一条心态:完形的选项往往词性相同、意思相近,不要指望每个空都百分之九十以上有把握,有依据地排除两项、在剩下两项里选更贴合上下文的一项,就是合格的做法。
易错提醒
-
❌ 一上来就看第一个空的选项。✅ 先读首句、跳空通读,知道文章往哪里走再做题。
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❌ 只看空格前后两三个词就选。✅ 搭配题看前后词,逻辑题要看前后句,复现题要看全文。
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❌ 某个空想了三分钟还在想。✅ 标记后先往下做,后文常常会给出线索。
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❌ 选一个意思「好听」的词。✅ 选与上下文一致的词,转折处要选与前文相反的意思。
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❌ 做完不回读。✅ 代入答案读一遍,最容易发现逻辑词选反、态度前后不一。
例题精讲
下面是一篇约 280 词的原创短文(按常见资料所说的大纲篇幅编写),完整走一遍四步。先自己做,再看答案和依据。
例题 Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank.
For most of history, predicting the weather was regarded less as a science than as a matter of folk wisdom. Sailors watched the color of the sky, farmers (1) ___ the behavior of animals, and few people believed that tomorrow's rain could be (2) ___ with any accuracy. That began to change in the mid-nineteenth century, (3) ___ the telegraph made it possible to collect reports from distant places almost (4) ___.
For the first time, observers in dozens of towns could send their readings to a central office on the same morning. By (5) ___ these readings on a map, forecasters could see storms as moving systems (6) ___ isolated events. A storm that had struck the west coast, (7) ___, was likely to reach the capital a day or two later.
The early forecasts were far from (8) ___. Critics mocked officials whose predictions failed, and in some countries the service was (9) ___ suspended after several embarrassing mistakes. (10) ___, public demand for warnings proved stronger than the doubts. Fishing communities, which had lost many boats to sudden gales, (11) ___ the new storm signals as a lifeline.
What turned forecasting into a modern science, (12) ___, was not better telegraphs but better theory. Early in the twentieth century, researchers (13) ___ that the atmosphere obeys the same physical laws as any other fluid, and that its future state could, in (14) ___, be calculated from its present one. The calculations were so (15) ___ that a single six-hour forecast took weeks to complete by hand, (16) ___ the idea survived. When electronic computers (17) ___ after the Second World War, weather prediction was among the first problems they were (18) ___ to.
Today's forecasts are not perfect, but a five-day forecast is now about as (19) ___ as a one-day forecast was forty years ago, a quiet revolution that most of us (20) ___ for granted.
选项(第 1–10 空):
- A. ignored B. avoided C. observed D. trained
- A. predicted B. prevented C. avoided D. produced
- A. which B. where C. that D. when
- A. gradually B. instantly C. rarely D. secretly
- A. hiding B. selling C. checking D. plotting
- A. as well as B. rather than C. such as D. in addition to
- A. however B. in contrast C. for example D. otherwise
- A. reliable B. famous C. expensive D. complex
- A. hardly B. rarely C. barely D. temporarily
- A. Therefore B. Similarly C. Nevertheless D. Besides
选项(第 11–20 空):
- A. rejected B. welcomed C. replaced D. ignored
- A. however B. therefore C. for instance D. in other words
- A. denied B. doubted C. forgot D. argued
- A. practice B. principle C. return D. vain
- A. simple B. accurate C. laborious D. cheap
- A. so B. because C. unless D. but
- A. appeared B. disappeared C. failed D. retired
- A. objected B. applied C. accustomed D. limited
- A. popular B. short C. accurate D. costly
- A. take B. make C. give D. hold
第一、二步。 首句定调:天气预报过去被看作民间经验而不是科学。通读后知道全文四层:过去靠经验;电报让各地读数汇总成图;早期预报出错、仍被需要;理论和计算机让它成为科学。
第三步:第 1–10 空的答案与依据。
| 空 | 答案 | 依据 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | 与 watched 并列,农民「观察」动物,主题题 |
| 2 | A | 后文全是 forecast、prediction,复现题 |
| 3 | D | 先行词是时间 the mid-nineteenth century,从句完整,用 when |
| 4 | B | 电报的意义在于「几乎即时」收到远方的报告,主题题 |
| 5 | D | 把读数「标在」地图上,搭配题(plot … on a map) |
| 6 | B | 把风暴看作移动的系统「而不是」孤立事件,逻辑题 |
| 7 | C | 西海岸的风暴一两天后到首都,是前一句的例子 |
| 8 | A | 下文说预报失败、被嘲笑,早期预报「远不可靠」 |
| 9 | D | 后文说需求更强、服务还在,所以是「暂时」中止 |
| 10 | C | 前面说出错、被暂停,后面说需求更强,让步转折 |
第 11–20 空的答案与依据。
| 空 | 答案 | 依据 |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | B | 渔民失去过很多船,把风暴信号看作救命稻草,「欢迎」 |
| 12 | A | 前文强调电报,这里说真正的推动力是理论,转折 |
| 13 | D | 研究者「提出」大气遵循流体的物理规律,后文沿用了这个思路 |
| 14 | B | in principle「原则上」,与下一句「实际算起来要几周」相对;in practice「实际上」正好与下一句矛盾 |
| 15 | C | so … that:计算「费力」到六小时的预报要算几周 |
| 16 | D | 算得极慢,「但」这个想法活了下来,转折 |
| 17 | A | 计算机「出现」以后,天气预报是它最早处理的问题之一 |
| 18 | B | be applied to「被用于」,搭配题 |
| 19 | C | 与第 2 空的 accuracy 复现,今天五天的预报和当年一天的一样「准」 |
| 20 | A | take … for granted「视为理所当然」,搭配题 |
第四步。 代入答案回读:从「靠经验」到「靠电报」再到「靠理论和计算机」,态度从怀疑转为肯定,前后一致。
本节小结
- 完形填空约 280 词、20 空、每空 0.5 分(常见资料的说法,以当年大纲为准),参考用时 15 分钟左右。
- 四步:读首句定主题、跳空通读抓大意、逐空推敲先易后难、回读检查。
- 每个空找依据:搭配与语法、逻辑关系、上下文复现、主题与常识。
- 卡住的空先标记、按主题涂一个,后文常会给出线索。
学完练一练
按本节考点从本课的课后练习里抽题(每次 10 道以内),做完看解析、错题自动进错题本。
本节内容由 AI 辅助编写,配图由 AI 生成,仅供备考参考;考试要求以《全国各类成人高等学校招生考试大纲(2024 年版)》及浙江省教育考试院当年公布为准。