特殊句式：倒装、强调、插入与省略

本节导读

前面几节讲的是句子怎么「变长」，这一节讲句子怎么「变形」：语序颠倒（倒装）、刻意突出某个部分（强调）、中间插进一段话（插入语）、省掉一部分（省略）。这四种句式在正式文章里很常见，2023 年版大纲（高校网站转载）的语法要求里也点名了强调句型、倒装句和插入语。

它们本身不难，难在读的时候认不出来：倒装句找不到主语，强调句被当成形式主语句，插入语把主干拦腰截断，省略句缺了一块不知道补什么。学完这一节，你应该能把这些句子还原成正常语序、完整结构，再去理解和翻译。

倒装句：先还原语序

倒装分两种：整个谓语放到主语前面的「全部倒装」，只把助动词、情态动词或 be 放到主语前面的「部分倒装」。

类型	触发条件	英文句子
全部倒装	地点状语或表语提到句首	Among the speakers was a young engineer.
部分倒装	never、seldom、rarely、little 等否定词开头	Seldom have we seen such strong demand.
部分倒装	hardly…when、no sooner…than	No sooner had he left than it began to rain.
部分倒装	not until 开头	Not until 2010 did the town get a railway.
部分倒装	only + 状语开头	Only in this way can we cut waste.
部分倒装	so / such…that 的 so 部分开头	So serious was the problem that work stopped.
部分倒装	as 引导让步，表语提前	Tired as she was, she kept working.

读倒装句的方法是先还原：Seldom have we seen such strong demand 还原成 We have seldom seen such strong demand（我们很少见到这么强的需求）；Among the speakers was a young engineer 还原成 A young engineer was among the speakers（发言人当中有一位年轻工程师）。注意 Tired as she was 表示让步，意思是「尽管她很累」，不是「因为她很累」。

强调句：It is…that 中间是重点

强调句的结构是 It is / was + 被强调的部分 + that / who + 句子的其余部分，被强调的可以是主语、宾语、状语，但不能是谓语（强调谓语用 do、does、did，如 We did check the data）。

It was the new manager who suggested the change.

正是那位新经理提出了这项改变。

判断一个 It is…that 是不是强调句，方法和上一节判断同位语从句类似：把 It is / was 和 that 去掉，剩下的部分能还原成完整句子，就是强调句。 The new manager suggested the change 完整，所以上句是强调句。再看下面一句：

It is clear that the plan needs more money.

很明显，这个计划需要更多资金。

去掉 It is 和 that 剩下 clear the plan needs more money，不成句子，所以这里的 it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 that 从句。还有一个常见的强调结构 It was not until…that…，意思是「直到……才……」：It was not until the third year that the shop made a profit（直到第三年这家店才开始盈利）。

插入语：先跳过，再补回

插入语夹在两个逗号、两个破折号或一对括号之间，把主语和谓语、谓语和宾语隔开。常见的有：

• 短语：in fact, for example, in other words, as a result, according to the report
• 小句：I believe, it seems, experts say, as we all know
• 较长的成分：which 引导的非限制性定语从句、同位语、分词短语

读的时候先用手指或笔尖「跳过」插入语，把两边连起来读出主干，再回头看插入的内容在补充什么。比如：

The new rules, experts say, will take years to show any effect.

专家说，这些新规定要几年才能见效。

主干是 The new rules will take years to show any effect，experts say 只是交代说话人。插入语里也常有考点：according to whom（谁说的）、for example（举例）都可能变成细节题或例证题。

省略句：缺什么补什么

英语为了简洁，常把前面出现过的或不言自明的成分省掉。常见的有三类：

类型	英文句子	补全后
状语从句省略主语和 be	Though tired, she finished the report.	Though she was tired, …
状语从句省略 it is	If possible, call me before noon.	If it is possible, …
比较句省略	The new model is faster than the old one.	…than the old one is.
并列句省略谓语	Some prefer tea, others coffee.	…others prefer coffee.

还有一种「替代」：用 that、those 代替前面出现过的名词，用 so、not 代替前面的从句，用 do 代替前面的动词。The cost of housing in big cities is far higher than that in small towns 里，that 代替的是 the cost of housing。

易错提醒

• ❌ 倒装句里把紧跟在句首否定词后面的助动词当成谓语的全部，比如把 Seldom have we seen… 里的主语找成 have。✅ 还原语序：主语是 we，谓语是 have seen。

• ❌ Not until he came back I knew the truth. ✅ Not until he came back did I know the truth. 因为 not until 放在句首，主句要部分倒装。

• ❌ 把 It is likely that… 当强调句，译成「正是可能……」。✅ 去掉 It is 和 that 不成句，it 是形式主语，译成「很可能……」。

• ❌ It was in this town where the company started. ✅ It was in this town that the company started. 因为强调句的连接词用 that（强调人时也可以用 who），不用 where。

• ❌ 读到插入语就停下来反复琢磨，主干反而读丢了。✅ 先跳过插入语读通主干，再回头看插入语补充了什么。

• ❌ 比较句里 than 后面拿错比较对象，写成 The price here is lower than the market。✅ …lower than that in the market。因为要拿「价格」和「价格」比，不能拿价格和市场比。

例题精讲

例 1 Hardly had the new phone been launched ___ customers began to complain about its battery.

• A. than
• B. when
• C. that
• D. then

答案：B。 Hardly…when… 是固定结构，意思是「刚……就……」，hardly 放在句首时前半句要部分倒装（had the new phone been launched）。than 和 no sooner 搭配，that、then 都不能和 hardly 配对。

例 2 It was in a small rented office ___ the company first started its business.

• A. where
• B. that
• C. which
• D. when

答案：B。 去掉 It was 和空格，句子还原为 The company first started its business in a small rented office，结构完整，说明这是强调地点状语的强调句，连接词只能用 that。用 where 是把它当成了定语从句，但强调句里不用 where。

例 3 If necessary, the meeting will be moved to Friday afternoon. If necessary 是省略句，补全后应该是：

• A. If it is necessary
• B. If we are necessary
• C. If it was necessary
• D. If the meeting were necessary

答案：A。 主句用将来时 will be moved，说的是真实的条件，「如果有必要」补全为 If it is necessary。B 的 we 不能说「是必要的」；C 时态与主句不配；D 意思变成「如果会议是必要的」，与原句不同。

本节小结

• 倒装先还原：否定词、only + 状语、not until、so…that 开头的句子用部分倒装；地点状语、表语提前常用全部倒装。
• 强调句 It is / was…that：去掉 It is 和 that 后能还原成完整句子；强调谓语用 do、does、did。
• It is + 形容词 + that 从句多半是形式主语句，不是强调句。
• 插入语先跳过，读完主干再回来；它常常交代观点来源或举例。
• 省略句补出被省的主语和 be、it is、谓语；that、those 替代前面的名词。