写作 B 节：柱状图

本节导读

柱状图（bar chart）用一根根柱子的高低比较不同类别的数量，比如不同年龄段的上网时间、不同部门的员工人数、两个年份各种上班方式所占的比例。它的核心是「比较」：谁最多、谁最少、谁比谁多多少、两组之间有什么不同。

学完这一节，你应该能读懂柱状图的类别和单位，熟练使用比较和对比的句型，并按照上一节的三段结构写出一篇完整的柱状图作文。

先读懂图：三看

一看横轴和纵轴。 横轴通常是类别（部门、年龄段、出行方式）或年份，纵轴是数量或比例。

二看单位。 是人数、件数，还是 percent？单位决定你用 number 还是 proportion / percentage，也决定数字后面写什么。

三看分组。 每个类别如果有两根不同颜色的柱子，往往是两个年份或两类人群的对比，这时比较的重点是「同一类别在两组之间的变化」。

比较的常用句型

用途	句型
最高	X was the highest / X came top, followed by Y and Z.
最低	X was the lowest, at only 5 percent.
倍数	X was twice / three times as high as Y.
略多略少	X was slightly higher / lower than Y.
差距很大	X was much / far higher than Y.
对比	X rose to 20 percent, while / whereas Y fell to 10 percent.
持平	The figure for X remained unchanged at 15 percent.

比较两个数字时，先算清是「倍数」还是「差值」：40 比 20 是 twice as high as；22 比 20 只能说 slightly higher。形容差距的副词也要和数字匹配：差两三个点用 slightly，差距明显时才用 much、far。

描述的顺序

柱状图的类别多，描述时要有顺序，常见的有两种：

• 从高到低：先说最高的，再依次往下，最后说最低的或变化最小的。
• 先总后分：先用一句话概括总体特点（大多数类别都在增长），再挑两三个最突出的类别具体说。

两组对比的柱状图，可以按「变化大的先说、变化小或不变的后说」来排，用 while、whereas 把方向相反的变化放在同一句里对比。

一篇范文

题目：下面的柱状图显示了某公司员工 2015 年和 2025 年上班方式的比例。请写一篇 150 词以上的短文：1）描述图表；2）分析原因；3）谈谈你的看法。

上班方式	2015 年	2025 年
开车	45 percent	30 percent
公共交通	30 percent	35 percent
骑自行车	10 percent	20 percent
步行	15 percent	15 percent

As is shown in the bar chart, the ways employees in the company travel to work changed noticeably between 2015 and 2025. The share of staff who drove to work fell from 45 percent to 30 percent, while the proportion of cyclists doubled from 10 percent to 20 percent. Public transport also became slightly more popular, rising from 30 to 35 percent, whereas the figure for walking remained unchanged at 15 percent.

Several factors may explain these changes. First, the city has built many new bike lanes and subway lines over the past decade, making green travel safer and more convenient. Second, parking near the office has become expensive and hard to find. Finally, more and more employees are aware that cycling is good for both their health and the environment.