语法要点：时态、语态与非谓语

本节导读

试卷的七个部分里没有单独的语法题，但语法无处不在：完形填空和短文完成的语言段要你判断动词该用什么形式，阅读的长句要靠语法拆开，英译汉要先看懂时态和语态，写作更要把动词写对。按资讯网站转述的大纲评价目标（常见资料的说法），语法要求是掌握基本语法知识、常用句型和结构，能正确理解包含这些知识的句子和语篇。

离开学校多年的考生，往往对动词比较生疏：什么时候用完成时，被动怎么构成，to do 和 doing 怎么选。这一节集中复习这几块，第 11 节再讲从句和长难句。学完你应该能根据时间标志选对时态，写对被动结构，判断非谓语用哪种形式，并认出 if 条件句里的虚拟语气。

常用时态：先找时间标志

时态	结构	常见时间标志	例句
一般现在时	do / does	usually, every day	The shop opens at nine every day.
一般过去时	did	yesterday, last year, ago	We met three years ago.
一般将来时	will do / be going to do	tomorrow, next week	The new line will open next month.
现在进行时	am / is / are doing	now, at the moment	They are repairing the road now.
过去进行时	was / were doing	at that time, when…	I was having lunch when he called.
现在完成时	have / has done	since, for, already, so far	Prices have risen by ten percent since May.
过去完成时	had done	by the time…, before…（都指过去）	The film had started before we arrived.
现在完成进行时	have been doing	for two hours, all day	She has been waiting for an hour.

容易混的有两对。一般过去时和现在完成时：有 yesterday、last year 这类明确的过去时间，用一般过去时；有 since、so far，或者强调对现在的影响，用现在完成时。一般过去时和过去完成时：两个过去的动作，先发生的那个用过去完成时，by the time 后面是过去时间时，主句也常用过去完成时。

被动语态：be + 过去分词

不知道或不必说出是谁做的，或者想强调动作的承受者，就用被动语态。被动的时态靠 be 来变：

时态	被动结构	例句
一般现在时	am / is / are done	English is spoken in many countries.
一般过去时	was / were done	The bridge was built in the 1950s.
一般将来时	will be done	A new school will be opened here.
现在完成时	have / has been done	The problem has been solved.
进行时	am / is / are being done	The road is being repaired.

要说出动作的执行者，用 by 引出：The plan was approved by the board.（计划由董事会批准了。）还要记住：happen、take place、occur、rise、appear 这类不及物动词没有被动语态。

非谓语动词：to do、doing、done

一个句子里已经有了谓语动词，其他动词就要变成非谓语形式。三种形式各有分工：

形式	常见用法	例句
to do	表示目的；表示将要做；跟在 decide、hope、plan、refuse 等动词后	She saved money to buy a car.
doing	作主语或宾语；跟在 enjoy、finish、avoid、consider、mind 等动词和介词后	He finished checking the figures.
done	表示被动或完成；作定语或状语	The report written by Tom was excellent.

分词作状语时，要看它和句子主语的关系：主语主动做这个动作，用 doing；主语是被动承受，用 done。

Walking along the river, I saw a group of children fishing.

沿着河边走的时候，我看见一群孩子在钓鱼。（「我」在走，用 walking。）

还有几个动词接 to do 和接 doing 意思不同：remember to do 是「记得要去做」，remember doing 是「记得做过」；stop to do 是「停下来去做另一件事」，stop doing 是「停止正在做的事」。

虚拟语气：和事实相反的假设

if 条件句如果说的是不真实、不太可能的情况，动词要「往过去退一步」：

假设的情况	if 从句	主句
与现在事实相反	did / were	would + 动词原形
与过去事实相反	had done	would have done
与将来可能相反	should do / were to do / did	would + 动词原形

另外两种常见情况：suggest、insist、require 等表示建议、要求的动词后面的 that 从句，用「(should) + 动词原形」；wish 后面的从句，愿望与现在相反用过去式，与过去相反用 had done。

I wish I had started learning English earlier.

我真希望自己早点开始学英语。

易错提醒

• ❌ I have finished the report yesterday. ✅ I finished the report yesterday. 因为 yesterday 是明确的过去时间，要用一般过去时。

• ❌ The meeting was taken place in Room 5. ✅ The meeting took place in Room 5. 因为 take place 是不及物的，没有被动语态。

• ❌ I enjoy to read in the evening. ✅ I enjoy reading in the evening. 因为 enjoy 后面接动词 -ing。

• ❌ If I am you, I would accept the offer. ✅ If I were you, I would accept the offer. 因为这是与现在事实相反的假设，if 从句用 were。

• ❌ Looking from the hill, the town is beautiful. ✅ Seen from the hill, the town is beautiful. 因为主语 the town 是「被看」的，要用过去分词。

例题精讲

例 1 选出最合适的一项。

By the time the firefighters arrived, the fire ___ most of the building.

消防员赶到时，大火已经烧毁了大半座楼。

• A. destroyed
• B. has destroyed
• C. had destroyed
• D. was destroying

答案：C。 by the time 后面是过去时间 arrived，烧毁发生在赶到之前，是「过去的过去」，用过去完成时。A 看不出先后；B 是现在完成时，与过去的时间标志不符；D 是过去进行时，表示当时正在烧，与 most of the building 已被烧毁的意思不合。

例 2 选出最合适的一项。

The new library, ___ last year, has become a popular place for students.

去年建成的新图书馆，已经成了学生们爱去的地方。

• A. building
• B. built
• C. to build
• D. was built

答案：B。 句子的谓语是 has become，空白处只能用非谓语。图书馆是「被建」的，又是过去完成的动作，用过去分词 built 作定语。building 表示主动，to build 表示将来，was built 是谓语形式，放进来句子就有两个谓语了。

本节小结

• 定时态先找时间标志：明确过去时间用一般过去时，since、so far 用现在完成时，「过去的过去」用过去完成时。
• 被动语态是 be + 过去分词，时态由 be 体现；happen、take place 等不及物动词没有被动。
• 非谓语三分工：to do 表目的和将来，doing 作主宾语或跟在 enjoy 等词后，done 表被动和完成。
• 分词作状语看与主语的关系：主动用 doing，被动用 done。
• 虚拟语气：与现在相反 if 用 did / were，与过去相反用 had done，主句相应用 would do / would have done。