动词时态（一）：进行时与完成时

本节导读

动词时态是词汇与语法部分的核心，几乎每次都有好几题。考法通常是给一个句子，空格里要填动词的某种时态，需要你抓住句子里的时间标志词，再判断用哪个时态。

这一节先快速回顾一般现在时和一般过去时，再讲现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时和过去完成时。学完以后，你应该能说出每个时态的构成，记住常见的时间标志，并区分现在完成时和一般过去时。

先回顾两个一般时

时态	构成	用法	时间标志	例句
一般现在时	动词原形，主语是第三人称单数时加 -s/-es	习惯、事实、规律	every day, usually, often	He gets up at six every day.
一般过去时	动词过去式	过去发生的动作	yesterday, last week, in 2019, ago	I met him yesterday.

进行时：现在进行时和过去进行时

构成：现在进行时是 am/is/are + 动词 -ing，过去进行时是 was/were + 动词 -ing。

时态	主要用法	例句
现在进行时	说话时正在进行；这段时间一直在做；表示按计划将要发生（常用 go, come, leave, arrive, start）	Look! It is raining. We are leaving tomorrow.
过去进行时	过去某一时刻正在进行；与 when 引导的另一个过去动作连用	At eight last night I was watching TV. I was cooking when she called.

动词变 -ing 的拼写：make 变 making，run 变 running，lie 变 lying。还要注意，表示状态的动词一般不用进行时，如 know、like、love、want、need、believe、understand、belong、have（拥有）：I know him. 不能说 I am knowing him.

现在完成时

构成：have/has + 过去分词。它强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或联系，有四种主要用法：

用法	例句
动作刚完成，对现在有影响（常与 just, already, yet 连用）	I have already finished my homework.
到目前为止的经历（常与 ever, never, before 连用）	Have you ever been to Hangzhou?
从过去持续到现在的状态（常与 for, since, so far 连用）	They have lived here since 2015.
最近的情况（recently, lately）	I haven't seen him lately.

使用现在完成时要注意几点：

• 不能和表示过去的确定时间连用，如 yesterday、last year、in 2019、ago，这时要用一般过去时。
• for 后面接一段时间（for two years），since 后面接时间点（since 2015）或一个过去时的从句（since I was a child）。
• 句型 It is the first time that…：后面的从句用现在完成时，如 This is the first time that I have visited this city.

三个常考的短语要分清：

短语	意思	例句
have been to	去过（已经回来了）	I have been to Beijing twice.
have gone to	去了（还没回来）	He has gone to Beijing.
have been in	一直待在	He has been in Beijing for three years.

短暂性动词（buy, borrow, die, join, leave, arrive 等）不能和表示一段时间的 for、since 连用，要换成延续性动词：buy 改 have，borrow 改 keep，die 改 be dead，join 改 be a member of。比如，不说 He has bought the bike for two years，而说 He has had the bike for two years.

过去完成时

构成：had + 过去分词，表示「过去的过去」，也就是在过去某个时间之前已经发生或完成的动作。

英语	中文
When I arrived, the film had already begun.	我到的时候，电影已经开始了。
By the end of last year, they had built twenty schools.	到去年年底，他们已经建了二十所学校。
He said he had never seen such a big city.	他说他从没见过这么大的城市。

常见的标志词有 by the time、by + 过去的时间、before、when。判断的关键是看有没有两个过去的动作：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。

易错提醒

• ❌ I have seen him yesterday. ✅ I saw him yesterday. 因为 yesterday 是过去的确定时间，现在完成时不能与它连用。

• ❌ He has bought the bike for two years. ✅ He has had the bike for two years. 因为 buy 是短暂性动词，不能与 for 加一段时间连用。

• ❌ I am knowing him well. ✅ I know him well. 因为 know 是状态动词，一般不用进行时。

• ❌ She has gone to Paris twice. ✅ She has been to Paris twice. 因为说「去过」用 have been to，has gone 表示人现在不在。

• ❌ When I got to the station, the train left. ✅ When I got to the station, the train had left. 因为火车离开发生在我到达之前，要用过去完成时。

• ❌ I live here since 2010. ✅ I have lived here since 2010. 因为 since 加时间点，主句要用现在完成时。

例题精讲

例 1 — Where is Tom? — He ___ to the library. He will be back soon.

• A. has been
• B. goes
• C. had gone
• D. has gone

答案：D。 说话时 Tom 不在，去图书馆还没回来，用 has gone to。has been to 表示去过并已经回来了。

例 2 By the time I arrived at the station, the train ___.

• A. left
• B. has left
• C. had left
• D. leaves

答案：C。 by the time 引导的是过去的时间，火车在我到达之前已经开走，用过去完成时。

例 3 Look! The children ___ in the snow.

• A. play
• B. played
• C. have played
• D. are playing

答案：D。 Look! 提示动作正在进行，用现在进行时。

本节小结

• 现在进行时是 am/is/are + -ing，过去进行时是 was/were + -ing；状态动词一般不用进行时。
• 现在完成时是 have/has + 过去分词，常与 already、yet、ever、for、since 连用；不能和 yesterday 这类过去的时间连用。
• have been to 表示去过，have gone to 表示去了没回来；短暂性动词不能与 for、since 连用。
• 过去完成时是 had + 过去分词，表示「过去的过去」，先发生的动作用它。
• 做题时先找时间标志词，再找句子里有没有两个先后发生的动作。