代词与主谓一致

本节导读

代词和主谓一致都是词汇与语法部分的常客。代词主要考形式的选择（用 I 还是 me，用 his 还是 him）和不定代词的辨析（some 与 any，another 与 other）；主谓一致则考谓语动词该用单数还是复数。

学完这一节，你应该能背熟人称代词的各种形式，分清常用不定代词的意思和谓语的单复数，并能用三条原则判断主谓是否一致。

人称代词、物主代词和反身代词

人称	主格	宾格	形容词性物主	名词性物主	反身代词
我	I	me	my	mine	myself
你	you	you	your	yours	yourself
他	he	him	his	his	himself
她	she	her	her	hers	herself
它	it	it	its	its	itself
我们	we	us	our	ours	ourselves
你们	you	you	your	yours	yourselves
他们	they	them	their	theirs	themselves

主格作主语，宾格作宾语。形容词性物主代词后面必须接名词（my book）；名词性物主代词相当于「形容词性物主代词加名词」，自己就能作主语或宾语。

英语	中文
This is my pen, and that one is yours.	这是我的钢笔，那支是你的。
Please help yourself to some fruit.	请随便吃点水果。
He taught himself English.	他自学了英语。

不定代词

some 和 any

some 多用于肯定句，也用于表示邀请、请求并期待得到肯定回答的疑问句；any 多用于否定句、一般疑问句和条件句。

句型	例句
肯定句用 some	I have some friends in Shanghai.
邀请、请求用 some	Would you like some tea?
否定、疑问用 any	I don't have any questions. Do you have any?

something 一类的复合词

something、anything、nothing、everything，以及 someone、anyone、everyone、somebody 等，都作单数；修饰它们的形容词要放在后面：something important（重要的事），anything else（别的什么）。

each、every、both、either、neither、all、none

词	指几个	谓语	例句
each	两个或更多中的每一个	单数	Each of the students has a book.
every	三个以上，只作定语	单数	Every student has a book.
both	两者都	复数	Both of them are teachers.
either	两者中任何一个	单数	Either of the two roads leads there.
neither	两者都不	单数	Neither of the answers is right.
all	三者以上都	可数用复数，不可数用单数	All the water is dirty.

other 的各种搭配

结构	含义	例句
one…the other…	两者中，一个…另一个…	One is red, the other is blue.
one…another…the third	三者中，一个…又一个…第三个	One is red, another is blue, the third is white.
some…others…	一些…另一些…（泛指）	Some like tea, others like coffee.
some…the others…	一些…其余的全部	Some left early, the others stayed.
another + 数词 + 复数名词	再来…（相当于 three more days）	We need another three days.

主谓一致的三条原则

谓语动词的单复数要和主语一致，判断时用三条原则：语法一致（看形式）、意义一致（看意思）和就近一致（看离谓语最近的主语）。

情况	谓语形式	例句
and 连接两个不同的人或物	复数	Tom and Mary are friends.
and 连接的是一个整体概念	单数	Bread and butter is my breakfast.
with, together with, as well as, except 连接的成分	和前面的主语一致	The teacher with his students is here.
either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…	和最近的主语一致	Not only you but also he is wrong.
there be 句型	和最近的主语一致	There is a pen and two books on the desk.

情况	谓语形式	例句
one of + 复数名词	单数	One of my friends is a doctor.
the number of + 复数名词	单数	The number of students is fifty.
a number of + 复数名词	复数	A number of students are absent.
学科、国名、书名等（news, mathematics）	单数	Mathematics is difficult.
时间、距离、金额作整体	单数	Ten years is a long time.
the + 形容词，指一类人	复数	The old are respected here.
what 引导的从句，动名词、不定式作主语	单数	What he said is true.

易错提醒

• ❌ Each of the students have a dictionary. ✅ Each of the students has a dictionary. 因为 each 表示每一个，谓语用单数。

• ❌ Everyone are here. ✅ Everyone is here. 因为 everyone 虽然指很多人，语法上是单数。

• ❌ The number of students are increasing. ✅ The number of students is increasing. 因为 the number of 的中心词是 number，用单数；a number of 才表示「许多」，用复数。

• ❌ I have important something to tell you. ✅ I have something important to tell you. 因为修饰复合不定代词的形容词要后置。

• ❌ This book is not my, it is your. ✅ This book is not mine, it is yours. 因为后面没有名词时，要用名词性物主代词。

例题精讲

例 1 — Would you like ___ tea? — Yes, please.

• A. some
• B. any
• C. a
• D. an

答案：A。 这是表示提供的疑问句，期待得到肯定回答，用 some；tea 是不可数名词，不能用 a 或 an。

例 2 Neither of my parents ___ a car.

• A. have
• B. to have
• C. having
• D. has

答案：D。 neither of 后面的谓语用单数，所以是 has。

例 3 Not only you but also he ___ wrong.

• A. is
• B. are
• C. am
• D. were

答案：A。 not only…but also… 连接两个主语时，谓语和最近的主语 he 一致，用 is。

本节小结

• 人称代词有主格、宾格，物主代词有形容词性和名词性，反身代词以 -self 或 -selves 结尾。
• some 多用于肯定句和期待肯定回答的疑问句，any 多用于否定句和疑问句。
• someone、everything 等复合词作单数，形容词后置；each、every、either、neither 的谓语用单数，both 用复数。
• one…the other…指两者，some…others…泛指一些和另一些，some…the others…指其余全部。
• 主谓一致：and 看是否整体概念，with 一类看前面，either…or 一类看最近；the number of 用单数，a number of 用复数。