倒装、强调与省略

本节导读

这一节讲三种特殊句式：倒装、强调和省略。它们在词汇与语法的选择题中不多，但一旦出现，往往让人摸不着头脑。其实每一种都有固定的触发条件：看到 never、only、not until 这类词放在句首，就要想到倒装；看到 It is…that…，就要想到强调；看到 when asked、if possible，就要想到省略。

学完这一节，你应该能识别触发倒装的词，会判断一个 It is…that… 句子是不是强调句，并能补出省略掉的成分。

完全倒装

完全倒装是把整个谓语放到主语前面。常见于两种情况：

情形	例句
here, there, now, then, away, out 等副词放句首，主语是名词	Here comes the bus. Away went the boys.
表示地点的介词短语放句首，谓语是 be、lie、stand、sit 等	In front of the house stands a big tree.

注意：如果主语是代词，就不倒装：Here he comes.

部分倒装

部分倒装是把助动词、情态动词或 be 放到主语前面。

触发的词语	例句
never, seldom, rarely, hardly, little, nowhere 放句首	Never have I seen such a beautiful sunrise.
not only 放句首（前半句倒装）	Not only did he pass the exam, but he also won a prize.
not until + 状语放句首（主句倒装）	Not until he came back did I know the truth.
no sooner…than…，hardly…when…	No sooner had he left than it began to rain.

触发的词语	例句
only + 状语放句首	Only in this way can we solve the problem.
so, neither, nor 表示「也这样」「也不这样」	— I am tired. — So am I. / Neither can he.
so + 形容词放句首	So tired was he that he fell asleep at once.
虚拟条件句省略 if	Had I known it, I would have told you.
让步状语（形容词、副词、名词 + as）	Tired as he was, he kept on working.

so am I 和 so I am 的意思不一样：So am I 表示「我也是」，So I am 表示「我确实是」。

强调句

结构是：It is/was + 被强调的部分 + that/who + 句子的其他部分。可以强调主语、宾语和状语，不能强调谓语。以 Tom met Lucy in the park yesterday. 为例：

被强调的部分	强调句
主语	It was Tom that met Lucy in the park yesterday.
宾语	It was Lucy that Tom met in the park yesterday.
地点状语	It was in the park that Tom met Lucy yesterday.
时间状语	It was yesterday that Tom met Lucy in the park.

判断一个句子是不是强调句，可以把 It is/was 和 that 去掉：剩下的部分如果还是一个完整、通顺的句子，就是强调句。强调句的疑问形式是把 be 提前：Was it Tom that met Lucy in the park?