动词时态（二）：将来时、完成进行时与时态呼应

本节导读

上一节学了进行时和完成时，这一节继续讲时态里的三个难点：将来时有哪几种说法、现在完成进行时和现在完成时有什么不同、主句和从句的时态怎样保持一致。

这三块常常出现在时间状语从句、条件状语从句和宾语从句里，考法比较灵活。学完这一节，你应该能区分 will 和 be going to，会判断什么时候「用一般现在时表示将来」，并能写出正确的时态呼应。

一般将来时的几种表达

结构	用法	例句
will + 动词原形	临时决定、预测、许诺	I will help you. It will rain tomorrow.
be going to + 动词原形	事先的打算；有迹象表明即将发生	I am going to visit my aunt this weekend. Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
现在进行时	已经安排好的计划（常用 go, come, leave, start）	We are leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.
一般现在时	按时间表发生的事（车次、航班、课程）	The train leaves at half past nine.
be about to + 动词原形	马上就要	The film is about to start.
be to + 动词原形	按计划或安排要做	The meeting is to be held next week.

will 和 be going to 的区别：说话时才决定的事用 will（— The phone is ringing. — I will get it.）；事先已经有打算，或者现在已有迹象的，用 be going to。

时间、条件状语从句：用现在时表示将来

主句是将来时，when、if、as soon as、before、after、until、once、unless、as long as 引导的状语从句，要用一般现在时代替将来时。

英语	说明
I will tell him when he comes back.	时间状语从句，用 comes，不用 will come
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.	条件状语从句，用 rains
I will not leave until you arrive.	until 引导的状语从句，用 arrive

但是，如果 when、if 引导的是宾语从句（when 表示「什么时候」，if 表示「是否」），从句要照常用将来时：

英语	说明
I don't know when he will come back.	宾语从句，when 的意思是「什么时候」
I wonder if it will rain tomorrow.	宾语从句，if 的意思是「是否」

将来进行时和将来完成时

这两个时态不是考试的重点，只要认识即可：将来进行时 will be doing 表示将来某个时刻正在做，如 This time tomorrow I will be flying to Beijing. 将来完成时 will have done 表示到将来某个时间已经做完，如 By the end of this month, I will have finished the book. 看到 by the end of next year 这类短语，就要想到将来完成时。

现在完成进行时

构成：have/has been + 动词 -ing。主要有两种用法：一是动作从过去开始，持续到现在，还可能继续下去，常与 for、since、all day、how long 连用；二是动作刚刚停止，但留下了明显的结果。

英语	中文
I have been learning English for ten years.	我学英语已经十年了。
Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?	你的眼睛红了，是不是一直在哭？

现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：

时态	强调什么	例句
现在完成进行时	动作的持续过程	I have been reading the book all afternoon.
现在完成时	动作的结果、已经完成	I have read the book.

状态动词（know, like, belong 等）不能用进行时，所以说 I have known him for years，不说 I have been knowing him。

时态呼应

主句的谓语是过去时，从句的时态要随之变成相应的过去形式：

从句动作的时间	主句是一般现在时	主句是一般过去时
与主句同时	He says he is busy.	He said he was busy.
在主句之前	He says he has finished it.	He said he had finished it.
在主句之后	He says he will come.	He said he would come.

有一个例外：从句讲的是客观真理、科学事实或经常性的习惯，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时：The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.

转述别人的话时，时间词和地点词也要跟着变：now 变 then，today 变 that day，tomorrow 变 the next day，yesterday 变 the day before，ago 变 before，here 变 there。

易错提醒

• ❌ If it will rain tomorrow, we will stay at home. ✅ If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. 因为条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。

• ❌ I will call you when I will arrive. ✅ I will call you when I arrive. 因为 when 引导的时间状语从句不用将来时。

• ❌ I am waiting here since two o'clock. ✅ I have been waiting here since two o'clock. 因为 since 表示从过去持续到现在，要用完成时态。

• ❌ He said he will come the next day. ✅ He said he would come the next day. 因为主句是过去时，从句用过去将来时 would come。

• ❌ The teacher told us that the earth moved around the sun. ✅ The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun. 因为客观真理永远用一般现在时。

• ❌ I have been knowing him for years. ✅ I have known him for years. 因为 know 是状态动词，不用进行时。

例题精讲

例 1 I will tell him the news as soon as he ___ back.

• A. will come
• B. comes
• C. came
• D. would come

答案：B。 主句是将来时，as soon as 引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来，所以用 comes。

例 2 — You look tired. — Yes, I ___ the whole afternoon.

• A. cleaned
• B. have cleaned
• C. have been cleaning
• D. clean

答案：C。 动作从下午开始持续到现在，并留下了「很累」的结果，强调持续过程，用现在完成进行时。

例 3 She said she ___ the next day.

• A. will come
• B. would come
• C. comes
• D. came

答案：B。 主句 said 是过去时，从句表示在主句动作之后发生，用 would come。

本节小结

• 将来时的几种说法：will、be going to、现在进行时、一般现在时、be about to、be to，各有侧重。
• 时间、条件状语从句中，主句是将来时，从句用一般现在时；宾语从句不受此限制。
• 现在完成进行时是 have/has been + -ing，强调动作的持续；状态动词不用进行时。
• 主句是过去时，从句要用相应的过去形式：同时用过去时，先发生用过去完成时，后发生用 would do。
• 客观真理、科学事实在从句中永远用一般现在时。