被动语态

本节导读

被动语态在词汇与语法部分很常见，通常给一个句子，让你在 does、is done、was done、has been done 之间选择。判断的依据是：主语是动作的执行者，还是动作的承受者；再看句子的时间。

学完这一节，你应该能写出常见时态的被动形式，会判断一个动词能不能用被动语态，并能正确使用 It is said that… 这类常用句型。

被动语态的构成和用法

构成：be + 过去分词。be 要随着时态和主语变化。被动语态用在两种情况：一是强调动作的承受者，二是不知道或者不必说出动作的执行者。

主动语态	被动语态
People speak English all over the world.	English is spoken all over the world.
A thief stole my bike.	My bike was stolen.
They will finish the work.	The work will be finished.

由主动变被动有三步：把宾语变成主语；谓语变成「be + 过去分词」，时态保持不变；原来的主语放在 by 的后面，如果不必强调就可以省略。

各种时态的被动形式

时态	构成	例句
一般现在时	am/is/are + 过去分词	The room is cleaned every day.
一般过去时	was/were + 过去分词	The window was broken yesterday.
一般将来时	will be + 过去分词	The bridge will be built next year.
现在完成时	have/has been + 过去分词	The work has been finished.
现在进行时	am/is/are being + 过去分词	A new library is being built.
过去进行时	was/were being + 过去分词	The road was being repaired.
过去完成时	had been + 过去分词	The letter had been sent before I called.
含情态动词	情态动词 + be + 过去分词	This must be done today.

非谓语形式也有被动：不定式的被动是 to be done，如 I hope to be invited；动名词的被动是 being done，如 He hates being laughed at.

使用被动语态要注意的几点

不及物动词没有被动语态

happen、take place、occur、appear、rise、last、belong to 等不及物动词，后面不能直接接宾语，所以没有被动形式。The accident happened last night. 不能写成 was happened。

短语动词不能拆开

look after、take care of、pay attention to、laugh at 变被动时，介词要保留：The baby was looked after by her aunt. Attention should be paid to safety.

双宾语和使役感官动词

有两个宾语的动词（give, send, show, tell）可以有两种被动：He gave me a book. 变成 I was given a book. 或者 A book was given to me.

感官动词（see, hear, watch）和使役动词（make）在主动句中后面省略 to，变被动后要补上 to：We saw him enter the room. 变成 He was seen to enter the room. They made him work. 变成 He was made to work.

It is said that… 句型

表示「据说……」「据报道……」常用被动句型 It is said that…，It is reported that…，It is believed that…，也可以写成 He is said to be a good doctor.

主动形式表示被动意义

有些词的主动形式就含有被动的意思：The book sells well.（这本书卖得好）The cloth washes easily.（这种布很容易洗）。need、want、require 后面接 -ing，也有被动的意思：The flowers need watering. 相当于 The flowers need to be watered.

易错提醒

• ❌ The accident was happened last night. ✅ The accident happened last night. 因为 happen 是不及物动词，没有被动语态。

• ❌ The book is writing by a famous writer. ✅ The book is written by a famous writer. 因为书是被写出来的，要用 is written，不是 -ing 形式。

• ❌ He was seen enter the room. ✅ He was seen to enter the room. 因为感官动词变被动后，原来省略的 to 要补出来。

• ❌ The flowers need water. ✅ The flowers need watering. 因为「花需要被浇水」，要用 need doing 或 need to be done。

• ❌ A new school will build next year. ✅ A new school will be built next year. 因为学校是被建造的，将来时的被动是 will be built。

• ❌ The baby was looked by her aunt. ✅ The baby was looked after by her aunt. 因为短语动词 look after 变被动时，after 不能丢。

例题精讲

例 1 The bridge ___ next year.

• A. will be built
• B. will build
• C. is building
• D. builds

答案：A。 桥是被建造的，next year 是将来时间，被动的将来时是 will be built。

例 2 A new library ___ in our town at the moment.

• A. is built
• B. is being built
• C. has built
• D. has been built

答案：B。 at the moment 表示此刻，图书馆正在被建造，用现在进行时的被动语态 is being built。

例 3 The accident ___ at the crossing last night.

• A. was happened
• B. was happen
• C. happened
• D. had been happened

答案：C。 happen 是不及物动词，没有被动语态，直接用一般过去时 happened。

本节小结

• 被动语态的构成是 be + 过去分词，be 的形式随时态变化，如 is done、was done、will be done、has been done。
• 进行时的被动是 is/was being done，完成时的被动是 has/had been done。
• 不及物动词（happen, take place）没有被动；短语动词变被动时，介词要保留。
• 感官和使役动词变被动要补 to：He was seen to enter。
• sell well、need doing 等是主动形式表示被动意义；It is said that… 是常用的被动句型。