构词法与词义辨析

本节导读

词汇与语法题里除了语法，还有一类专门考单词的题：给出一个词根，让你选出合适的派生形式；给出一组近义词，让你选出最合适的；给出一个动词，让你选出搭配正确的名词。这一节把这三类考点集中整理。

学完这一节，你应该能根据前缀、后缀猜出词义和词性，分清最常考的几组近义词，并记住 make、do、take、have 等动词的常用搭配。

构词法

前缀

前缀加在词的前面，改变词义，但一般不改变词性：

前缀	含义	例词
un-	不，相反	happy → unhappy, kind → unkind
in- / im- / il- / ir-	不	possible → impossible, legal → illegal, regular → irregular
dis-	不，相反	agree → disagree, like → dislike
re-	再，重新	write → rewrite, build → rebuild
mis-	错误	understand → misunderstand

后缀

后缀加在词的后面，常常改变词性：

后缀	变成的词性	例词
-er, -or, -ist	名词（人）	teach → teacher, act → actor, art → artist
-tion, -ment, -ness	名词（抽象）	educate → education, enjoy → enjoyment, happy → happiness
-ful, -less	形容词（有……的，无……的）	care → careful / careless, help → helpful / helpless
-able, -ous, -al, -y	形容词	comfort → comfortable, danger → dangerous
-ly	副词	careful → carefully, quick → quickly
-en, -ize	动词	wide → widen, modern → modernize

加后缀时拼写可能变化：happy 变成 happiness 和 happily 时，y 要变成 i；care 加 -ful 不变，加 -ing 要去掉 e 变成 caring。

转化和合成

• 转化：词形不变，词性变了。water 作名词是水，作动词是浇水；book 作名词是书，作动词是预订；phone 作名词是电话，作动词是打电话。
• 合成：两个词合成一个新词。blackboard、homework、classroom、well-known、hard-working、mother-in-law。

词义辨析

听说看读

词	区别	例句
say	说出的话	Please say it again.
speak	说某种语言；讲话	He speaks English well.
tell	告诉，讲述	She told me a story.
talk	交谈	I talked with him.
look / see / watch	看（动作）/ 看见（结果）/ 观看（动态）	Look at the blackboard. I can see a bird. watch TV

借带花费

词	区别	例句
borrow / lend	借入 / 借出	I borrowed a book from him. He lent me a book.
bring / take	带来 / 带去	Bring me the book. Take the book to him.
spend	人花时间或金钱	I spent two hours on the report.
cost	物花费某人多少钱	The dress cost me 200 yuan.
take	花费时间	It took me two hours to finish it.
lose / miss	丢失 / 错过，想念	He lost his key. I missed the bus.