被动语态

本节导读

被动语态是词汇与语法题的重点之一。单句选择题里最常见的是：给出一个及物动词的几种形式，让你判断空格里该用主动还是被动，以及被动语态在不同时态中的写法。书面表达和阅读理解里，被动句也很常见。

学完这一节，你应该能写出常用时态的被动语态，会按步骤把主动句改成被动句，并能说出哪些动词不能用被动。

什么是被动语态

句子的主语是动作的执行者，叫主动语态；句子的主语是动作的承受者，叫被动语态。被动语态的结构是 be + 过去分词，动作的执行者可以用 by 引出，也可以省略。

The boy broke the window.
男孩打破了窗户。（主动）

The window was broken by the boy.
窗户被男孩打破了。（被动）

下面这些情况多用被动：不知道谁做的，不必说出是谁做的，或者想强调动作的承受者。比如 The window was broken 只说窗户坏了，不提是谁弄坏的。

各种时态的被动语态

被动语态里，be 动词的形式随时态变化，后面的过去分词不变：

时态	结构	例句
一般现在时	am / is / are + done	English is spoken all over the world.
一般过去时	was / were + done	The window was broken yesterday.
一般将来时	will be + done	The work will be finished tomorrow.
现在完成时	have / has been + done	The book has been translated into Chinese.
现在进行时	am / is / are being + done	The bridge is being built now.
过去进行时	was / were being + done	The house was being repaired last week.
含情态动词	can / must / should be + done	The rule must be followed.
不定式	to be + done	I want to be invited.

主动变被动的步骤

1. 把主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语。
2. 谓语变成 be + 过去分词，be 的形式由新主语的人称、数和原来的时态决定。
3. 把主动句的主语变成 by 加宾格，放在句末；如果不重要，可以省略。

以 My father cleans the room every day 为例：宾语 the room 变成主语，cleans 是一般现在时，所以谓语变成 is cleaned，改写后是 The room is cleaned by my father every day.

双宾语的被动

give、send、show、tell 这类动词有两个宾语，所以可以变成两种被动句：

He gave me a book.
他给了我一本书。

I was given a book (by him).
A book was given to me (by him).
我被给了一本书。/ 一本书被给了我。

感官动词和使役动词的被动

see、hear、watch、make 后面接不带 to 的不定式，但变成被动句后，to 要补出来：

• 主动：I saw him enter the room. → 被动：He was seen to enter the room.
• 主动：The boss made them work late. → 被动：They were made to work late.

不能用被动语态的情况

下面这些情况要用主动形式，是考试的高频陷阱：