动词时态(一):一般时与进行时
系统学习一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和过去进行时的构成、用法、时间状语和常见错误。
本节导读
时态是词汇与语法题里出现次数最多的考点。同一道题的四个选项,往往是同一个动词的不同时态,要靠句子里的时间状语和上下文判断。这一节讲最基础的五种时态:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和过去进行时。
学完这一节,你应该能写出五种时态的结构,会看时间状语选时态,并能避开「一个句子里动词变形两次」这类典型错误。
一般现在时
构成和三单变化
一般现在时的谓语用动词原形;主语是第三人称单数(he、she、it 或单个的人和物)时,动词要加 s 或 es。be 动词按人称用 am、is、are。
| 动词的结尾 | 变化 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般情况 | 加 -s | work → works, read → reads |
| s, x, ch, sh, o | 加 -es | watch → watches, go → goes, do → does |
| 辅音字母 + y | 变 y 为 i 加 -es | study → studies, fly → flies |
| 元音字母 + y | 加 -s | play → plays, say → says |
| have | 特殊变化 | have → has |
用法和信号词
- 经常性、习惯性的动作:She usually gets up at six. 信号词有 always、usually、often、sometimes、never、every day。
- 客观事实、科学道理:The earth goes around the sun.
- 按时间表安排的事:The train leaves at 7:30.
否定句和疑问句借助助动词 do 或 does:He doesn't like coffee. Does she live here? 助动词后面的动词要用原形,不能再加 s。
一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作,谓语用动词的过去式。规则动词加 ed:work → worked,live → lived,study → studied,stop → stopped。不规则动词要整词记忆,下面是最常用的一批:
| 原形 | 过去式 | 原形 | 过去式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| go | went | come | came |
| see | saw | have | had |
| do | did | take | took |
| make | made | get | got |
| give | gave | buy | bought |
| eat | ate | write | wrote |
| say | said | know | knew |
| run | ran | speak | spoke |
信号词有 yesterday、last night、last week、two days ago、in 2010、just now。否定句和疑问句借助 did:I didn't go there. Did you see him? 注意 did 后面的动词要用原形。
一般将来时
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作,有两种常用结构:
| 结构 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| will + 动词原形 | 临时的决定、预测 | I'll open the window. |
| be going to + 动词原形 | 事先的打算、计划 | I'm going to visit my aunt. |
信号词有 tomorrow、next week、soon、in two days、this evening。
除了这两种结构,还有几种表示将来的说法:be about to do 表示「马上要做」;go、come、leave、arrive、start 这类动词常用现在进行时表示按计划即将进行的动作,如 He is leaving tomorrow;按时间表安排的事用一般现在时。
条件状语从句和时间状语从句里,要用一般现在时代替将来时:
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
如果明天下雨,我们就待在家里。
现在进行时
构成和 doing 的变化
现在进行时的结构是 am / is / are + 动词 -ing。动词变成 -ing 形式的规则如下:
| 情况 | 变化 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般情况 | 直接加 -ing | work → working |
| 以不发音的 e 结尾 | 去 e 加 -ing | make → making, write → writing |
| 重读闭音节 | 双写末尾辅音加 -ing | run → running, sit → sitting |
| ie 结尾 | 变 ie 为 y 加 -ing | lie → lying, die → dying |
用法
- 说话时正在进行的动作:Look! The children are playing in the garden. 信号词有 now、at the moment、Look、Listen。
- 现阶段一直在做的事:He is studying English this year.
表示状态、感觉的动词一般不用进行时,比如 be、have(拥有)、like、love、want、know、understand、believe、see、hear。可以说 I know him,不能说 I am knowing him。
过去进行时
过去进行时的结构是 was / were + 动词 -ing,表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作:
- 过去某个具体的时间点:What were you doing at eight last night?
- 一个动作正在进行的时候,另一个动作发生了。长的动作用过去进行时,短的动作用一般过去时:I was reading when he came in.(我正在读书,他进来了。)
- 两个动作同时进行,用 while 连接:While Mum was cooking, Dad was reading the newspaper.
五种时态一览
| 时态 | 结构 | 信号词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 动词原形 / 三单 | usually, every day | He plays football every Sunday. |
| 一般过去时 | 过去式 | yesterday, ago | He played football yesterday. |
| 一般将来时 | will / be going to + 原形 | tomorrow, next week | He will play football tomorrow. |
| 现在进行时 | am / is / are + doing | now, Look! | He is playing football now. |
| 过去进行时 | was / were + doing | at that time, when, while | He was playing football then. |
易错提醒
-
❌ She go to school by bus every day.
✅ She goes to school by bus every day.
主语是第三人称单数,动词要加 es。 -
❌ Did you went to the park yesterday?
✅ Did you go to the park yesterday?
有了助动词 did,后面的动词用原形,过去式只出现一次。 -
❌ He doesn't likes coffee.
✅ He doesn't like coffee.
does 已经表示了第三人称单数,实义动词用原形。 -
❌ I am knowing him very well.
✅ I know him very well.
know 是表示状态的动词,一般不用进行时。 -
❌ If it will rain tomorrow, we will stay at home.
✅ If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
条件状语从句用一般现在时代替将来时。
例题精讲
例题 1
My father ______ newspapers every morning.
A. read B. readed C. is reading D. reads
答案:D
解析:every morning 是经常性的习惯,用一般现在时。主语 my father 是第三人称单数,动词要加 s,所以选 reads。C 是进行时,B 的写法不存在。
例题 2
I ______ TV when the phone rang.
A. watch B. watched C. was watching D. am watching
答案:C
解析:电话响起的时候,我正在看电视。rang 是短暂的动作,用一般过去时;看电视是被打断的、较长的动作,用过去进行时,所以选 was watching。
例题 3
If it ______ tomorrow, we will stay at home.
A. rains B. will rain C. rained D. is raining
答案:A
解析:if 引导条件状语从句,主句用一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时代替将来时,所以用 rains。B 把将来时放进了条件从句,C 是过去时,D 是进行时,都不对。
本节小结
- 一般现在时表示习惯、事实和时间表,主语是第三人称单数时动词加 s 或 es。
- 一般过去时用过去式,有 did 的时候,后面的动词用原形。
- 一般将来时有 will 和 be going to 两种常用结构,条件和时间状语从句用一般现在时代替将来时。
- 现在进行时是 am / is / are + doing,表示现在正在做的事;know、like 等状态动词不用进行时。
- 过去进行时是 was / were + doing,常与一般过去时搭配:长动作用进行时,短动作用一般过去时。
学完练一练
按本节考点从题库「高起专 · 外语」里抽题(每次 10 道以内),做完看解析、错题自动进错题本。
本节内容由 AI 辅助编写,配图由 AI 生成,仅供备考参考;考试要求以《全国各类成人高等学校招生考试大纲(2024 年版)》及浙江省教育考试院当年公布为准。