阅读理解：推理判断与词义猜测

本节导读

这一节讲阅读理解里的两类题。推理判断题问的是文章没有直接写出、但可以根据文中信息推出的内容；词义猜测题问的是某个生词、短语的意思，或者某个代词指代什么。这两类题的共同点是：答案都在文章里找得到依据，不是靠想象和经验。

学完这一节，你应该能说出推理判断题的几种问法和做题原则，会判断作者的态度，并能运用上下文线索猜词义、找指代。

推理判断题

常见问法

问法	例子
推断	We can infer from the passage that...
暗示	The writer implies that...
结论	What can be concluded from the passage?
态度	What is the writer's attitude towards...?
接下来的事	What will probably happen next?

做题的四条原则

1. 有据可依：每个答案都能在文章中找到依据，不能凭自己的经验和想象。
2. 不要过度：正确答案往往比较保守、合理；带有 all、always、never、only 这类绝对词的选项，多半是过度推断。
3. 抓关键词：通过文中的动作、结果、描写来推出没有写明的信息。
4. 先排除：和文章意思相反的、文章没有提到的、说得过头的选项，先划掉。

读一个例子：

Tom came home with wet clothes and dirty shoes. He put his umbrella, which had a broken handle, in the corner and went straight to the bathroom.

What can we infer from the passage?

A. It was raining.
B. Tom lost his umbrella.
C. Tom was angry.
D. Tom took a bus home.

分析：衣服是湿的，还带着雨伞，说明外面在下雨，选 A。B 与「把雨伞放在角落」矛盾；C 文章没有描写他的情绪；D 文章没有提到交通工具。

作者态度题

作者的态度通过用词表现出来，可以先找带感情色彩的形容词、副词，再判断是积极、消极还是客观：

态度	常见的词
积极	wonderful, useful, helpful, glad, hope, enjoy
消极	terrible, useless, sad, worried, afraid, regret
客观	said, reported, according to, 只陈述事实不加评价

词义猜测题

常见问法

问法	例子
猜词义	The word "..." in the second paragraph most probably means...
找指代	What does the underlined word "it" refer to?

用上下文线索猜词义

遇到生词不要慌，生词的意思常常在附近的句子里。下面是几种最常见的线索：

线索	标志	例子
定义或解释	that is, means, or, 破折号, 逗号	A herbivore, or a plant-eating animal, lives here.
对比	but, while, however, unlike	Unlike his lazy brother, Tom is diligent.
举例	such as, for example, like	fruits such as mangoes and lychees
因果	because, so	He was exhausted, so he went to bed early.
构词	前缀、后缀、词根	unhappy 是 happy 的反义

再看一个完整的例子：

The weather was so frigid that we all put on thick coats and stayed inside.